9th E4 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

 9th Standard Notes

By VEERESHI P ARAKERI

ECONOMICS,

E4.   LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

I. Fill in the blanks:
1.     The famous book of Adam Smith is -----
2.     Abolition of bonded labour act was passed In the year      _
3.    When the marginal productivity of a labour is zero, it is known as ---
4.     Division of labour increases -----
5.     Abolition of child labour act was passed in the year ----
Ans:   (1)   The   Wealth   of   Nations;   (2)1976;   (3)   Disguised unemployment; (4) efficiency of labour (5) 1986.

II. Answer the following :
1. What is meant division of labour?
Ans: By division of labour we mean the allocation of different
parts of the production process to different workers or to different groups of workers.

2. What is meant by child labour?
Ans: The children working below the age of 14 years to work is
called child labour.

2.     Define unemployment?
Ans:  An  unemployed  is  one  who  is  willing  to  work  at  the
prevailing market rate, but still does not get the work. In other words it is a situation where able people who are capable of working both physically and mentally at the existing wage rate do not get job opportunities.
4.     Explain the advantages of division of labour?
Ans: The important advantages of the division of labour are
(i) Efficiency of labour - Labour increases the efficiency of labour
(ii) Quality of production - the increase in the efficiency of labour leads to an increase in the quantity of output as well as    to  improve  the  quality  of  the  goods  produced  and services.
(iii) Profit - The increase in quantity and quality of output brings greater profit.
(iv) Average cost - Since division of labour increases the total output the average cost of producing a commodity falls, then consumers get goods at cheap rate.
(v)    Research  and  development  -  it  helps  in  research  and innovation which leads to produce variety of new products.

5.  List the disadvantages division of labour?
Ans: The important disadvantages of the division of labour are-
(i) Monotony of work: Since a worker has to do the same job time and again, therefore, after sometime, the worker feels bored.
(ii) Lack of responsibility: If the quality of the product is not up to the expected level, none can be held responsible.
(iii) Increased dependence: When the production is divided up in to a number of process and each part is performed by different   workers,   it   may   lead   to   dependence   among workers.
(iv) Unemployment: When a specialized worker is removed from the job, he/she has to look for a job which is of the same type.
(v) Class conflict: Division of labour facilitates large scale production which helps the producers to earn huge profits. The producers thus become rich by paying fewer wage to the workers. This divides the society into rich and poor.
6.    State  the  meaning   of  productive  and   unproductive labour?
Ans: Productive Labour: Productive Labour is that which creates
some utility or which has undergone utility for earning an income. The anti social activities are not considered productive  labour  because they  try  to  rob  the  wealth  of others.
Reproductive labour: Reproductive labour is the works at domestic place, at house. It can also be called as domestic labour. It is unpaid work, performed by women in home.

7.     List the types of unemployment?
Ans: Types of Unemployment: Unemployment can be divided
into
(i) Rural unemployment. It can exist in two ways- a) disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment.
(ii) Urban unemployment. It can exist in two ways –
1) Industrial unemployment and educated unemployment.
2) Other types of unemployment are: (a) frictional unemployment, (b) casual unemployment, (c) structural unemployment, (d) technical unemployment, (e) cyclical unemployment, (f) chronicle unemployment.

8.    Identify    the    differences    between    disguised    un- employment and seasonal unemployment?
Ans:   Disguised  unemployment  is  a  situation  with  surplus
manpower than actual requirement. The marginal productivity of some workers is zero. So even removal of
these surplus employees will not affect the volume of total
production.   It  is   also   called   under   employment.   For example- suppose four persons are working in a family farm which is properly organized and if  two more workers are employed on the same farm and if there is no change in output, we may say that these two workers are disguisedly unemployed.
Seasonal unemployment: Some occupations of agriculture and industries are seasonal in nature. They offer employment for only a certain period of time in a year. People engaged in such a type of work or activities may remain unemployed during the off season.